Which type of condenser can operate without water in winter conditions?

The atmospheric type condenser is designed to operate without the need for water, making it suitable for winter conditions when water availability might be an issue. Unlike water-cooled or evaporative condensers, which rely on a continuous supply of water for cooling, an atmospheric type condenser uses air as the cooling medium. This mechanism allows it to function effectively in various environmental conditions, including cold winter climates.

This type of condenser typically operates by allowing the vapor to condense into liquid in a chamber that is open to the atmosphere. The process depends on the ambient air temperature and pressure to maintain optimal performance, thereby avoiding dependency on water flow, which could freeze or become scarce during winter months.

In contrast, water-cooled and evaporative condensers require a water source to dissipate heat and operate, making them less effective or inoperative during freezing conditions. Shell and tube condensers also typically use water for cooling purposes and would similarly struggle without a water supply in cold environments.